Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 413-423 (2024)
WEB CRIPPLING BEHAVIOUR OF COLD-FORMED STEEL CHANNELS
WEB HOLES UNDER END TWO FLANGE (ETF) LOADING
Yakup Bölükbaş *
Civil Engineering Dept., School of Engineering, Aksaray University, Aksaray, 68100, Türkiye
*(Corresponding author: E-mail:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
Received: 7 May 2024; Revised: 14 October 2024; Accepted: 7 November 2024
DOI:10.18057/IJASC.2024.20.4.9
![]() |
Export Citation: Plain Text | RIS | Endnote |
ABSTRACT
The design of the web-crippling behavior of cold-formed steel elements (CFS), which have been widely used in recent years, is essential. The concentrated loads acting on CFS members cause the section's web to crush and buckle. For this reason, it is necessary to calculate the web crippling strength correctly in the design of CFS sections. In order to observe the web-crippling behavior of CFS channel sections with holes drilled in the webs, this paper presents experimental and numerical experiments. Seven sections of the real-world system intended for End Two Flange (ETF) loading scenarios underwent testing. The tested cells were simulated by the finite element method with ABAQUS software. As a result of the numerical studies, 150 different model finite element analysis results are presented in the parametric study. In addition, the equations proposed by AISI and Eurocode 3 for the web-crippling design of CFS channel sections without web holes are analyzed. The findings of parametric investigations are compared with the design equation for sections with web holes presented by Uzzaman et al., and new coefficients are suggested for this equation. As a result of the study, the distance from the hole to the loading plate of CFS channel sections affects the section bearing capacity. Increasing the hole diameter drilled into the section web reduces the bearing capacity of the section. It is seen that h/t and N/t are more effective than R/t in the equation proposed by AISI for predicting the web-crippling strength of CFS channel sections.
KEYWORDS
Cold-formed steel, Web crippling, Finite element analysis, End two-flange loading, Web hole
REFERENCES
[1] Prabakaran K. and Schuster., Web Crippling of Cold-Formed Steel Members, 14th International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1998), 151–164.
[2] Rhodes J. and Nash D., An investigation of web crushing behavior in thin-walled beams, Thin-Walled Structures, 32, 207-230, 1998. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-8231(98)00035-4
[3] Winter G. and Pian R.H.J., Crushing strength of thin steel webs, Cornell Bulletin 35, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., 1946.
[4] Yu W.W. and Hetrakul N., Webs for cold formed steel flexural members structural behavior of beam webs subjected to web crippling and a combination of web crippling and bending, Missouri University of Science and Technology, 1978.
[5] Bhakta B.H., LaBoube R.A. and Yu W.W., The effect of flange restraint on web crippling strength, Final Report, Civil Engineering Study, University of Missouri- Rolla, Rolla, Missouri, USA, 1992.
[6] Cain D.E, LaBoube R.A. and Yu W.W., The effect of flange restraint on web crippling strength of Cold-Formed Steel Z-and I-sections, Final Report, Civil Engineering Study, University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, Missouri, USA, 1995.
[7] Prabakaran K., Web Crippling of Cold-Formed Steel Sections, Project Report Department of Civil Engineering, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 1993.
[8] Prabakaran K. and Schuster B., Web crippling of cold-formed steel sections, Proc. Of 14th International Speciality Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures, St. Louis, Missouri, USA, 1998.
[9] Beshara B. and Schuster R.M., Web crippling of cold-formed steel C and Z sections, Proc. Of 15th International Speciality Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures, St.Louis, Missouri, USA, 2000.
[10] Young B. and Hancock G., Design of cold-formed channels subjected to web crippling, J. Struct. Eng., 127, 1137–1144, 2001. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2001)127:10(1137)
[11] Macdonald M., Heiyantuduwa M.A., Kotelko M. and Rhodes J., Web crippling behaviour of thin-walled lipped channel beams, Thin-Walled Struct., 49, 682–690, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2010.09.010
[12] Macdonald M. and Heiyantuduwa M.A., A Design rule for web crippling of cold-formed steel lipped channel beams based on nonlinear FEA, Thin-Walled Struct., 53,123–130, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2012.01.003
[13] AISI S100-16, Specifications for the cold-formed steel structural members, cold-formed steel design manual, American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI), 2012.
[14] Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand, Australia/New Zealand Standard AS/NZS 4600 Cold-Formed Steel Structures, 2018.
[15] Eurocode. Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Part 1-3: General rules - Supplementary rules for cold-formed members and sheeting. European Committee for Standardization, 2007.
[16] AISI S909-17, Test Standard for Determining the Web Crippling Strength of Cold-Formed Steel Flexural Members, American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI), 2017.
[17] Sundararajah L., Mahendran M. and Keerthan P., Experimental studies of lipped channel beams subject to web crippling under two flange load cases, ASCE J. of Structural Engineering, 142(9), 04016058, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001523
[18] Sundararajah L, Mahendran M. and Keerthan P., Web crippling experiments of high strength lipped channel beams under one-flange loading, J. Constr. Steel Res., 138, 851–866, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2017.06.011
[19] Janarthanan B., Mahendran M. and Gunalan S., Bearing capacity of cold-formed unlipped channel with restrained flanges under EOF and IOF load cases, Steel Construction Design and Research, 8 (3),146–154, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1002/stco.201510027
[20] Lian Y., Uzzaman A., Lim B.P.J., Abdelal G., Nash D. and Young B., Effect of web holes on web crippling strength of cold-formed steel channel sections under end-one-flange loading condition – Part I: tests and finite element analysis, Thin-Walled Struct., 107, 443–452, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2016.06.025
[21] Gunalan S. and Mahendran M., Web crippling tests of cold-formed steel channels under two flange load cases, J. Constr. Steel Res., 110, 1–15, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2015.01.018
[22] Uzzaman A., Lim B.P.J., Nash D. and Young B., Effects of edge-stiffened circular web openings on the web crippling strength of cold-formed steel channel sections under one-flange loading conditions, Eng. Struct., 139, 96–107, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.02.042
[23] Uzzaman A., Lim B.P.J., Nash D., Rhodes J. and Young B., Web crippling behaviour of cold-formed steel channel sections with offset web holes subjected to interior two-flange loading, Thin-Walled Struct., 50, 76–86, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2011.09.009
[24] Uzzaman A., Lim B.P.J., Nash D., Rhodes J. and Young B., Cold-formed steel sections with web openings subjected to web crippling under two-flange loading conditions - Part I: tests and finite element analysis, Thin-Walled Struct., 56, 38–48, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2012.03.010
[25] Uzzaman A., Lim B.P.J., Nash D., Rhodes J. and Young B., Cold-formed steel sections with web openings subjected to web crippling under two-flange loading conditions - Part II: parametric study and proposed design equations, Thin- Walled Struct., 56, 79–87, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2012.03.009
[26] Uzzaman A., Lim B.P.J., Nash D., Rhodes J. and Young B., Effect of offset web holes on web crippling strength of cold-formed steel channel sections under end-two flange loading condition, Thin-Walled Struct., 65, 34–48, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2012.12.003
[27] Lian Y., Uzzaman A., Lim J.B.P., Abdelal G., Nash D. and Young B., Effect of web holes on web crippling strength of cold-formed steel channel sections under end-one-flange loading condition - Part I: tests and finite element analysis, Thin-Walled Struct., 107, 443-452, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2016.06.025
[28] Lian Y., Uzzaman A., Lim J.B.P., Abdelal G., Nash D. and Young B., Effect of web holes on web crippling strength of cold-formed steel channel sections under end-one- flange loading condition - Part II: parametric study and proposed design equations, Thin-Walled Struct., 107, 489–501, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2016.06.026
[29] Lian Y., Uzzaman A., Lim J.B.P., Abdelal G., Nash D. and Young B., Web crippling behaviour of cold-formed steel channel sections with web holes subjected to interior-one-flange loading condition-part I: experimental and numerical investigation, Thin-Walled Struct., 111, 103–112 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2016.10.024
[30] Lian Y., Uzzaman A., Lim J.B.P., Abdelal G., Nash D. and Young B., Web crippling behaviour of cold-formed steel channel sections with web holes subjected to interior-one-flange loading condition – part II: parametric study and proposed design equations, Thin-Walled Struct., 114, 92–106, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2016.10.018
[31] Yu W.W. and Davis C.S., Cold-formed steel members with perforated elements, J Struct Div 99, 2061–2077, 1973. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSDEAG.0003620
[32] Sivakumaran K.S. and Zielonka K.M., Web crippling strength of thin-walled steel members with web opening, Thin-Walled Struct., 8, 295–319, 1989. https://doi.org/10.1016/0263-8231(89)90035-9
[33] LaBoube R.A., Yu W.W., Deshmukh S.U. and Uphoff C.A., Crippling Capacity of Web Elements with Openings, J Struct Eng., 125, 137–141, 1999. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1999)125:2(137)
[34] LaBoube R.A., Yu W.W. and Langan J.E., Cold-formed steel web with openings: summary report, Thin-Walled Struct., 28, 355–372, 1997. https://doi.org/10.1016/0263-8231(96)00021-3
[35] Chung K.F., Structural performance of cold formed sections with single and multiple web openings. Part-1: experimental investigation, Struct Eng., 73(9), 141-149, 1995.
[36] Chung K.F., Structural performance of cold formed sections with single and multiple web openings. Part-2: design rules. Struct Eng., 73(14), 223-228, 1995.
[37] Uzzaman A., Lim B.P.J., Nash D. and Young B., Effects of edge-stiffened circular web openings on the web crippling strength of cold-formed steel channel beams under one-flange loading conditions, Eng. Struct., 139, 96–107, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2019.106307
[38] Uzzaman A., Lim B.P.J., Nash D., Young B. and Toy K., Cold-formed steel channel beams under end-two-flange loading condition: Design for edge-stiffened holes, unstiffened holes and plain webs, Thin-Walled Struct., 147, 106532, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2019.106532
[39] Uzzaman A., Lim B.P.J., Nash D., Young B. and Toy K., Web crippling behaviour of cold-formed steel channel sections with edge-stiffened and unstiffened circular holes under interior-two-flange loading condition, Thin-Walled Struct., 154, 106813, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2020.106813.
[40] Chen B., Roy K., Fang Z., Uzzaman A., Chi Y. and Lim J.B.P., Web crippling capacity of fastened cold-formed steel channels with edge-stiffened web holes, un-stiffened web holes and plain webs under two-flange loading, Thin-Walled Struct., 163, 107666, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2021.107666
[41] Elilarasi, K., Kasthuri, S., and Janarthanan, B., Effect of circular openings on web crippling of unlipped channel sections under end-two-flange load case, Advanced Steel Construction, 16 (4), 310-320, 2020. https://doi.org/10.18057/IJASC.2020.16.4.3
[42] Gunalan, S., and Mahendran, M., Experimental study of unlipped channel beams subject to web crippling under one flange load cases, Advanced Steel Construction, 15 (2), 165-172, 2020. https://doi.org/10.18057/IJASC.2019.15.2.6
[43] Wang, W., Roy, K., Fang, Z., Ananthi, G. B. G., and Lim, J. B.., Web crippling behaviour of cold-formed steel channels with elongated un-stiffened and edge-stiffened web holes under end-two-flange loading condition, Thin-Walled Struct., 195, 111398, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2023.11139
[44] Thirunavukkarasu, K., Alsanat, H., Poologanathan, K., Gunalan, S., Gatheeshgar, P., Kanthasamy, E., and Higgins, C., Web crippling behaviour of sigma sections under end two flange loading–Numerical investigation, Structures, 59, 105765, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2023.105765
[45] ABAQUS Analysis User’s Manual-Version 6.14-2. USA: ABAQUS Inc.; 2018.
[46] TS EN ISO 6892-1. Metallic materials - Tensile testing - Part 1: Method of test at room temperature (ISO 6892-1:2019). Turkish Standards Institution; 2020.
[47] Yousefi A.M., Lim J.B.P. and Charles C.G., Cold-formed ferritic stainless steel unlipped channels with web openings subjected to web crippling under interior two-flange loading condition – Part I: Tests and finite element model validation, Thin-Walled Struct., 116, 333–341, 2017.
[48] Yousefi A.M., Lim J.B.P. and Charles C.G., Web Crippling Behavior of Unlipped Cold-Formed Ferritic Stainless Steel Channels Subject to One-Flange Loadings, J Struct Eng., 144 (8), 04018105, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002118
[49] Yousefi A.M., Lim J.B.P. and Charles C.G., Web crippling strength of perforated cold- formed ferritic stainless steel unlipped channels with restrained flanges under one- flange loadings, Thin-Walled Struct., 137, 94–105, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2019.01.002
[50] Yousefi A.M., Lim J.B.P., Uzzaman, A., Uzzaman Y., Charles C.G., and Young B., Web crippling strength of cold-formed stainless steel lipped channel-sections with web openings subjected to interior-one-flange loading condition, Steel Compos Struct., 21, 629–59, 2016. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2016.21.3.629
[51] Fang Z., Roy K., Ma Q., Uzzaman A. and Lim J.B.P., Application of deep learning method in web crippling strength prediction of cold-formed stainless steel channel sections under end-two-flange loading, Struct., 33, 2903–2942, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2021.05.097
[52] Fang Z., Roy K., Chi Y., Chen B. and Lim J.B.P., Finite element analysis and proposed design rules for cold-formed stainless steel channels with web holes under end-one-flange loading, Struct., 34, 2876–2899, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2021.09.017
[53] Fang Z., Roy K., Uzzaman A. and Lim J.B.P., Numerical simulation and proposed design rules of cold-formed stainless steel channels with web holes under interior-one-flange loading, Engineering Structures 252, 113566, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.113566